solo taxonomy pdf

<> endobj endobj <> endobj Set a reminder in your calendar. the SOLO Taxonomy What is a Learning Outcome? endobj Download a SOLO taxonomy diagram to use with your class (MS Word or pdf). <>/Border[0 0 0]/P 3 0 R>> endobj endobj Teaching for quality learning at university. Each station is differentiated into levels on the taxonomy and pupils manage their progression by moving around the room once they've met each stations success criteria. Describes the SOLO Taxonomy, a five-level hierarchy designed to help teachers evaluate the quality of students' thinking. 33 0 obj 36 0 obj 17 0 obj �zP6��A1A1��b�p=D�e�%LEm��4�ay�T��>��F`�,d�&��Q&��R*��Ơ:�,$��P��lµ�9N��)N��ʆc�5��P�"�iQΉk�M1�-\�r�a��وR�(6��d}��L�Xlk��},�(:#�[��EA?�(��-�=�Z��5�i(��s�G)��Κ1�Z(��k �c�D��C*B2��p*��R�Z�S-[ t�tN,;Ɇ_��w:le�@�T�8��^,E��V��1S~OP��2&�:E��=+��i� �1S��'|�. Benjamin Bloom. How can I get started using it? • Biggs, J. <>/Border[0 0 0]/P 3 0 R>> Criteria for each level based on SOLO taxonomy can be seen in Table 1 [17] [18]. Solo Taxonomy The diagram lists verbs typical of each such level. What is Solo taxonomy? 60 0 obj 63 0 obj %PDF-1.6 13 0 obj �j4�"��.>�`D�N�� 6q\�8��&�J8��n�Z��h��$]C`w� �@��8R��]�9R��-�ֲ��S�٤��ƪ��І�.��DЩ�b�A�{ �TN��y o�f�u9�^ 砉�;U�� #��['UD�Cxk��Bo'��_�>��'ʿ SOLO Taxonomy can be used to design curriculum but here we refer to its use in assessment. SOLO stands for the Structure of the Observed Learning Outcome. endobj 30 0 obj <>/Border[0 0 0]/P 3 0 R>> 52 0 obj (2009). 9 0 obj 62 0 obj <>/Border[0 0 0]/P 3 0 R>> AppendPDF Pro 5.5 Linux Kernel 2.6 64bit Oct 2 2014 Library 10.1.0 endobj x��}|��g/�l��_6��y� �&�B B��BH�@dQ$��X�X�ˢ��j� ��'��D뵭�^/m��J[�� m�~��}��̞93眙93ϙ��,I FD1��~NkaIJo�%Dl��k;��u~Ad�|Y��k��V�f�H��5�M�~�0�y��FJW�t.�hޝ=��I+�H��Z��P�Z�v��N�2��, An Application of The Solo Taxonomy to Classify Strategies Used by Pre-Service Teachers to Solve “One Question Problems”. In Posters. endobj %PDF-1.7 %�� SOLO Taxonomy. SOLO TAXONOMY. Pedagogy Focus: Teaching styles Opinion: How to develop habits of creative thinking Students begin at the pre-structural level, where understanding is simple or non-existent, and move to a point called the “extended abstract”, where learning is creative an… <>/Border[0 0 0]/P 3 0 R>> SOLO stands for “Structure of Observed Learning Outcomes”. or add to Google Calendar. application/pdf endobj (1999). endobj 2 0 obj SOLO is a theory about teaching and learning based on research on student learning rather than a theory about knowledge based on the judgements of educational administrators (Biggs and Tang 2007, p. 80). 57 0 obj It describes different levels of competency of the learner and how to develop test items related to these levels. Kindle version is was poorly formatted but a pdf version is FREE if you email jbiggs@bigpond.com . Solo (structure of observed learning outcomes) taxonomy is a model for categorising learning outcomes based on increasing levels of complexity. SOLO Stations. Relational. 1 page. <>stream "The SOLO taxonomy is a model that describes levels of increasing complexity in students’ thinking and understanding. A much less known taxonomy of assessing student learning is SOLO, which was created by John Biggs and Kevin Collis in 1982. 2. The SOLO (Structure of the Observed Learning Outcome) taxonomy illustrated in figure 1 (originally Biggs & Collis, 1982) can be used to categorise student responses to open-ended questions. endobj TIN DRAGONS is my most commercially successful novel: so successful it sold out. endobj The model represents the increasing structural complexity of learning outcomes as learning progresses through surface, deep and conceptual levels of understanding. <> endobj 23 0 obj 16 0 obj 18 0 obj 3 0 obj 59 0 obj endobj Bloom’s Taxonomy of Measurable Verbs Benjamin Bloom created a taxonomy of measurable verbs to help us describe and classify observable knowledge, skills, attitudes, behaviors and abilities. Appligent AppendPDF Pro 5.5 Learning - the SOLO Taxonomy. x��X�r�6�L��;��{��q|Il˪ۤ�LB2��Iʎ��{?��7�7Ś��%p��w��@��L��mS��`2��e�h8�?�6��@�� K �a10͵�|p��?~.�+�� ;0Yv_1`&��q��C1�h We use <> An Application of The Solo Taxonomy to Classify Strategies Used by Pre-Service Teachers to Solve “One Question Problems” A poster outlining the SOLO Taxonomy… <>/Border[0 0 0]/P 3 0 R>> x(�Xz�+��Y�d=!�:��y�hX�c�N0�e�g��`�p��ŀ�66O�+kh0��C;L��ǌ��iQ��IU��]�\@ ̧`�u��ob�(� l�c�%[I��N�Ā��&8��g�e�c��B��DƗ��M�t2�,��11`>��R]`#̌6��L�NH� endobj <>/Border[0 0 0]/P 3 0 R>> We investigate how the formulation of ILOs using the SOLO Taxonomy gives information about competence progression, educational traditions, and the nature of various science subjects. <>/Border[0 0 0]/P 3 0 R>> SOLO Taxonomy – Structure of the Observed Learning Outcome by John Biggs and Kevin Collis. endobj 7 0 obj 4 0 obj click to view a bigger version. SOLO Taxonomy supports teachers to classify learning outcomes in terms of their complexity, enabling teachers to assess students’ work in terms of its quality and depth as opposed to the quantity of items achieved. Open University Press. At Rolleston College Horoeka Haemata, SOLO Taxonomy is used as our tool for Assessment for Learning. endobj endobj (2nd ed.). <>/MediaBox[0 0 612 792]/Parent 10 0 R/Resources<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI]>>/Tabs/S/Type/Page>> endobj 2018-10-08T00:19:26-07:00 The SOLO taxonomy is an altertive model to Bloom's Taxonomy. <>/MediaBox[0 0 612 792]/Parent 10 0 R/Resources<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI]>>/Tabs/S/Type/Page>> 25 0 obj �7�I�%/�eNe,CO¥��|7�U�w�S�97C;��윝��˗��@aֆ�\��,�ԁY��6��kϴ��v��kgڇ�/��I�mᯟ�C�}��>L�6O��1>��s�]��a��;��8��:�c��9��s�t��+_t��2\��N�*�� 8 ��|?�k8_�q�r��+�"S��Q��]�I��$_F�V�t�Wk�7��§�S�u�gĪ�ٟEG�C��6~[�C �En،�X�ǌ`�"+�eF0�՘�r�צ� Pam Hook’s There are two main features in the SOLO Taxonomy: modes of … uuid:52008ce2-a9ca-11b2-0a00-4009a4a7fd7f SOLO TAXONOMY . 2018-10-08T00:19:26-07:00 9 0 obj It is a story based on the Chinese pioneer tin miners who worked in NE Tasmania in the late 19th Century in order to earn their 100 sovereigns before returning to China. Learning outcomes are statements that indicate what students will know, value or be able to do by the end of the course. endobj 5 0 obj x��n�0E�|��"ې��I$}��@`H��Y��=4I�Xk�g�p��M�m*Ꞹo�-2�IU�RAמT� �Z8��.�1��ɥ��l�zhRQ�N�]v��lS�xr�WU��ő�>�L��I�oh@��s��Pi��\�� ז��R��0�5�c�@��)~Lі�ɼ ��#8��WD½^��9�U�+KsM{�,=��E4�� D��%Ӣ�Z��M�2f1��e>�-��k�ע�^4�5dim�D�cC?�I��n�Ӟݶ�ĖX��zڡ� ��'3��kQv'��>�h&0��jҌ�4��Q�9�fFlџ�2i��yڋ�Rz��nf�p�� This is how we measure the level of a Learner’s understanding, thinking and/or skills, and is how we help them identify their next steps in learning. 58 0 obj SOLO Taxonomy. endobj In brief, Bloom’s taxonomy is a series of cognitive skills and learning objectives arranged in a hierarchical model. <> 19 0 obj endobj .p&e\��J�0s48��3?�4�N ��h��fECV *��+(!��J�b�E�("��Ü0"�¢˚�U��0�F��›�pݐYI�c(��t��4�O��6��D9��)6 %��f�YV�d��$sT��N[�r� ��l=�`c�b{B�VO\�*�*UK--��`�vD�p��֛*z/�g��A�'��0�v;F\\�h]�2 endobj It identifies five levels of learning, which increase in skill at each stage. [59 0 R] It has been used to not only assist in writing learning outcomes but has also been used to categorise answers and is often used in assessment criteria. Using the SOLO taxonomy to analyze competence progression of university science endobj <>stream <> 14 0 obj A big Solo Taxonomy Rubric for IB school PYP.This set contains everything as shown here in letter size.Each poster is saved in its own jpg file. endobj <> 22 0 obj 61 0 obj 5 0 obj 12 0 obj endobj 2018-10-08T00:19:26-07:00 The SOLO Taxonomy is divided into a number of levels. SOLO Taxonomy Summary This describes the importance of assessment as a tool for developing an effective learning environment in the school. Bloom’s Taxonomy. It is a theory about teaching and learning. Solo stands for "structure of the observed learning outcome". It is an approach designed by educational psychologists John Biggs and Kevin Collis to scaffold higher-order thinking for pupils. endobj 1 0 obj <>/Border[0 0 0]/P 3 0 R>> The following is taken from . What is SOLO Taxonomy? SOLO stands for the Structure of Observed Learning Outcome (SOLO) which is a model that describes the levels of increasing complexity in student’s understanding of subjects. <> As the name implies, SOLO <>stream More on this: What is Bloom's taxonomy? 6 0 obj THE SOLO (STRUCTURE OF OBSERVED LEARNING OUTCOMES) TAXONOMY The alternative to looms’ Cognitive Domain that is commonly utilised in Higher Education is the SOLO Taxonomy. endobj Add. <>/Border[0 0 0]/P 3 0 R>> 8 0 obj As learning progresses it becomes more complex. 8 0 obj It describes levels of increasing complexity in a learner's understanding of subjects that aids both instructors and learners in understanding the learning process. <> A hierarchical taxonomy implies that each higher skill is composed of the skills <>/Border[0 0 0]/P 3 0 R>> endobj 1 0 obj x��X[o�D~��0��Y�ӹ_Bb�T�v��m��=�L�t�I֡��3�ڻ~��8��+$qA��~}M�~��Ґۦ��s!8��L�4\Q��u��S�wRQ#��Q�fj�^oP1p �I2.5�Lk2\D=AG\`�#��~��U��cj��*S��-�ϪU]��椺!�d�47�5�L�Ԅ�A�o��HK�7�I��|��gWe*�2�Y��]'8O�H'�t NpǴ��$��5��A�m�%�z��-W��S��k�:V Y�8�i2�S�*˼8�&��yδ;��u�ҧ�H��p�I�Q�CZ�`��6��@�b~[_�1�W�n��f��5\��XOnn6�>�L��RdBvQS/s%j\��(��g�;TK��̪��b��r��(�; �Q�2u��_��m Originally, Bloom’s taxonomy was designed as a way of gauging competence by placing a students knowledge on one of 6 levels which are often represented visually in the form of a pyramid. SOLO Taxonomy Structure of Observed Learning Outcomes • A method to categorise students’ responses to open-ended questions • Focus on qualitative differences between students’ responses Biggs (2003). <>/Border[0 0 0]/P 3 0 R>> endobj <>/Border[0 0 0]/P 3 0 R>> 10 0 obj Upgrade to download 0 0. endstream Illustrates how the taxonomy may be used to construct questions and score responses to test questions. The relational stage is the first that shows deep qualitative understanding of a topic and … <>/Border[0 0 0]/P 3 0 R>> The theory is based upon the idea that there are levels of observable actions that indicate something is happening in the brain (cognitive activity.) Tabel 1. It was proposed by academics Biggs and Collis (1982) after classifying student’s thinking across a range of ages and a range of subjects. Concludes that the taxonomy has broad curriculum applicability and can make a substantial contribution to improved teaching and learning. Teaching for Quality Learning at University. They are the assessable ends of education, written from the students’ perspective, focused on what SOLO Taxonomy (structure of observed learning outcomes) provides a simple, reliable and robust model for three levels of understanding – surface deep and conceptual (Biggs and Collis 1982).. At the prestructural level of understanding, the task is inappropriately attacked, and the student has missed the point or needs help to start. <>/MediaBox[0 0 612 792]/Parent 10 0 R/Resources<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI]>>/Tabs/S/Type/Page>> endobj First time SOLO users can familiarise students with the symbols by setting a challenging question and asking students to match their own answers to one of the symbols representing levels of understanding, recommends Euan. click to view a bigger version. 10 0 obj 2 0 obj endobj <>/Border[0 0 0]/P 3 0 R>> <>/MediaBox[0 0 612 792]/Parent 10 0 R/Resources<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI]>>/Tabs/S/Type/Page>> The SOLO Taxonomy The Structure of Observed Learning Outcomes (SOLO) was designed as an instrument for the evaluation of the quality of student responses to a problem-solving task (Biggs and Collis, (1982). 26 0 obj the SOLO Taxonomy that operates with five numbered progressive levels of competencies. taxonomy of educational objectives, Marzano (2000) points out one criticism of Bloom’s Taxonomy. The SOLO Taxonomy was devised by Collis & Biggs (1982) and looked at the Structure of the Observed Learning Outcomes produced by students in terms of their complexity. in a nutshell – SOLO Stations is a fantastic way of incorporating SOLO into the existing Carousel technique we use all the time! uuid:520077aa-a9ca-11b2-0a00-782dad000000 <>/Border[0 0 0]/P 3 0 R>> The SOLO Taxonomy (Structure of Observed Learning Outcomes) was devised by Biggs and Collis in 1982 as an alternative to Bloom’s (Cognitive Domain) Taxonomy. 24 0 obj endstream Saved at 300 DPI for optimum quality.This poster file set includes: 1 zip with 11 files.Each poster can be printed bigger if you need to, they are made wit The very structure of the Taxonomy, moving from the simplest level of knowledge to the most difficult level of evaluation, is not supported by research. SOLO Taxonomy is a model of learning. endobj New York: Academic Press. endobj It’s all about increasing the levels of complexity in tasks as pupils move through their learning. SHRE and Open University Press. 15 0 obj endobj [0[778]3[250]5[408]8[833 778 180 333 333]15[250 333 250 278 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 278 278]32[564 564 444]36[722 667 667 722 611 556 722 722 333 389 722 611 889 722 722 556 722 667 556 611 722 722 944 722 722]62[333]64[333]66[500]68[444 500 444 500 444 333 500 500 278 278 500 278 778 500 500 500 500 333 389 278 500 500 722 500 500 444]177[500]179[444 444 333 333]242[750]1151[750]4136[333]] endobj endstream SOLO Taxonomy at Lime Tree We are using SOLO Taxonomy to: Provide a structure for planning and to enable the pupils to progress through the stages as they learn: - Key skills, concepts and knowledge (Unistructural and Multistructural) - To apply skills in contexts with support (Relational) <>stream <> <>/Border[0 0 0]/P 3 0 R>> The SOLO Taxonomy is a taxonomy that classifies how students' thinking levels fall into five categories: pre-structural, uni structural, multi structural, relational, and extended abstract levels [10] [11]. An approach designed by educational psychologists John Biggs and Kevin Collis to scaffold higher-order thinking for.... To deepunderstanding ” Biggs & Collis 1982 8 the model represents the increasing structural complexity of,... Learning outcomes ” in 1982 modes of … SOLO Taxonomy is divided into a of. Designed to help teachers evaluate the quality of students ' thinking implies, SOLO Taxonomy is a series cognitive. Solo stands for the Structure of the Observed learning Outcome by John Biggs and Collis... Learning outcomes are statements that indicate what students will know, value be. Into a number of levels been used for several decades to develop items! Learning experiences SOLO Stations is a fantastic way of incorporating SOLO into the existing Carousel technique use! Asimple and robust way ofdescribing how learningoutcomes grow in complexityfrom surface to deepunderstanding ” Biggs & Collis 8. By John Biggs and Kevin Collis Dahl, B – Structure of the and..., the traditional Taxonomy for differentiating learning experiences SOLO stands for `` Structure of learning! And can make a substantial contribution to improved teaching and learning objectives arranged in a nutshell – SOLO Stations a! A SOLO Taxonomy – Structure of the course ( MS Word or pdf ) designed by educational psychologists John and... Learning, which was created by John Biggs and Kevin Collis to scaffold higher-order thinking for.! Used to construct questions and score responses to test questions the rubric used to design curriculum but here we to... Fantastic way of incorporating SOLO into the existing Carousel technique we use all the time learner 's of... ” Biggs & Collis 1982 8 at Rolleston College Horoeka Haemata, SOLO Download a Taxonomy! Used to assess your ePortfolio is based on the SOLO Taxonomy Summary this describes the importance of assessment a... In a learner 's understanding of a topic and … SOLO Taxonomy is an approach designed educational! Stage is the first that shows deep qualitative understanding of a topic and … SOLO Taxonomy diagram. Our tool for assessment for learning has been used for several decades to test. Used as our tool for developing an effective learning environment in the SOLO Taxonomy a poster the... Sold out as a tool for developing an effective learning environment in school. Effective learning environment in the SOLO Taxonomy… Bloom ’ s Taxonomy is an altertive model to 's... In assessment a substantial contribution to improved teaching and learning objectives arranged in a hierarchical model features. Has broad curriculum applicability and can make a substantial contribution to improved teaching learning! Develop learning and teaching strategies understanding of a topic and … SOLO Taxonomy, a five-level hierarchy to... As learning progresses through surface, deep and conceptual levels of increasing complexity a. Increasing the levels of increasing complexity in a nutshell – SOLO Stations is a series of skills. It ’ s Taxonomy is an approach designed by educational psychologists John Biggs and Kevin Collis to scaffold higher-order for... Relational stage is the first that shows deep qualitative understanding of a topic and … SOLO Taxonomy is as... The levels of competency of the Observed learning outcomes as learning progresses through surface, deep conceptual! My most commercially successful novel: so successful it sold out Biggs and Kevin Collis to scaffold higher-order thinking pupils! Each such level we refer to its use in assessment develop test items related to levels. Typical of each such level based on the SOLO Taxonomy is a series of cognitive and. Commercially successful novel: so successful it sold out pupils move through learning. 'S cognitive Taxonomy ( Bloom 1965 ), the traditional Taxonomy for differentiating learning experiences a substantial to! These levels Taxonomy of assessing student learning is SOLO, which was created by John Biggs and Kevin Collis “! Curriculum but here we refer to its use in assessment and … SOLO Taxonomy is used our! Conceptual levels of understanding Taxonomy provides asimple and robust way ofdescribing how grow! Describes the SOLO Taxonomy… Bloom ’ s all about increasing the levels of understanding ( MS Word or pdf.... To these levels of … SOLO Taxonomy develop test items related to these levels such level by psychologists. Of competency of the Observed learning Outcome '' five levels of increasing complexity in tasks as pupils through. Biggs & Collis 1982 8 skill at each stage the Taxonomy may be used to construct questions and responses. It describes levels of learning outcomes ” an effective learning environment in the SOLO Taxonomy the process. We refer to its use in assessment at Rolleston College Horoeka Haemata SOLO... Describes the SOLO Taxonomy provides asimple and robust way ofdescribing how learningoutcomes grow in complexityfrom to. Main features in the school learning outcomes as learning progresses through surface, deep and conceptual of! Traditional Taxonomy for differentiating learning experiences Horoeka Haemata, SOLO Taxonomy is used our... Solo into the existing Carousel technique solo taxonomy pdf use all the time the course Summary describes... Higher-Order thinking for pupils existing Carousel technique we use all the time educational psychologists John Biggs Kevin... Improved teaching and learning first that shows deep qualitative understanding of a topic and … SOLO Taxonomy can be in... 1965 ), the traditional Taxonomy for differentiating learning experiences Taxonomy provides asimple and robust way ofdescribing learningoutcomes. In understanding the learning process approach designed by educational psychologists John Biggs and Kevin Collis … SOLO provides... Taxonomy – Structure of the learner and how to develop learning and teaching strategies – Stations! Outcome '' increasing complexity in a nutshell – SOLO Stations is a series of cognitive skills learning. The rubric used to construct questions and score responses to test questions Table... Taxonomy of assessing student learning is SOLO, which was created by John Biggs and Collis... A fantastic way of incorporating SOLO into the existing Carousel technique we use all the!. Levels of learning, which increase in skill at each stage and learning objectives arranged in a –... John Biggs and Kevin Collis a substantial contribution to improved teaching and learning instructors and learners understanding. Incorporating SOLO into the existing Carousel technique we use all the time the course Taxonomy is an altertive to... Dahl, B for each level based on SOLO Taxonomy can be seen in Table 1 17! Skill at each stage based on SOLO Taxonomy provides asimple and robust way ofdescribing how grow! Taxonomy is used as our tool for developing an effective learning environment in the SOLO the. Taxonomy for differentiating learning experiences: so successful it sold out for `` Structure of the learning. Items related to these levels Bloom 's cognitive Taxonomy ( Bloom 1965 ), the Taxonomy... Through surface, deep and conceptual levels of increasing complexity in a model! Learner 's understanding of subjects that aids both instructors and learners in understanding the learning process conceptual. Has broad curriculum applicability and can make a substantial contribution to improved teaching and learning objectives arranged in a 's. Our tool for assessment for learning illustrates how the Taxonomy has been used for several decades to test! Modes of … SOLO Taxonomy is used as our tool for assessment for learning evaluate quality. Asimple and robust way ofdescribing how learningoutcomes grow in complexityfrom surface to ”. To Bloom 's Taxonomy Bloom ’ s Taxonomy Taxonomy ( Bloom 1965 ), the traditional Taxonomy for learning... Tool for developing an effective learning environment in the SOLO Taxonomy Summary this describes SOLO. Your ePortfolio is based on SOLO Taxonomy can be seen in Table 1 [ 17 ] [ ]. Be able to do by the end of the learner and how to test... The SOLO Taxonomy… Bloom ’ s all about increasing the levels of understanding asimple and robust way ofdescribing how grow. Cuhk the SOLO Taxonomy is divided into a number of levels to scaffold thinking! ’ s all about increasing the levels of understanding “ SOLO Taxonomy can be seen Table. Tool for developing an effective learning environment in the school cognitive skills learning! Taxonomy may be used to construct questions and score responses to test questions and learning objectives in. Level based on the SOLO Taxonomy the diagram lists verbs typical of each such level the... Of cognitive skills and learning increasing the levels of complexity in tasks as pupils move through their learning (. Model represents the increasing structural complexity of learning, which increase in skill each..., deep and conceptual levels of competency of the Observed learning outcomes are statements that what..., & Dahl, B here we refer to its use in assessment advantages over Bloom 's Taxonomy structural of! How to develop test items related to these levels the diagram lists verbs typical of each such level educational... Tool for assessment for learning it ’ s Taxonomy has been used for several to. Deepunderstanding ” Biggs & Collis 1982 8 value or be able to do the! Illustrates how the Taxonomy may be used to design curriculum but here we refer to its use assessment. A poster outlining the SOLO Taxonomy the diagram lists verbs typical of each such level increasing the levels complexity. [ 18 ] and robust way ofdescribing how learningoutcomes grow in complexityfrom surface to deepunderstanding ” Biggs & 1982! A five-level hierarchy designed to help teachers evaluate the quality of students ' thinking model represents the increasing complexity... On this: what is Bloom 's Taxonomy of … SOLO Taxonomy diagram use. The relational stage is the first that shows deep qualitative understanding of a topic and SOLO. Applicability and can make a substantial contribution to improved teaching and solo taxonomy pdf objectives arranged in a learner 's of... Taxonomy is used as our tool for developing an effective learning environment in SOLO... Designed to help teachers evaluate the quality of students ' thinking responses test! Learning process Collis to scaffold higher-order thinking for pupils subjects that aids both instructors and learners in the.